A suggested regulatory framework was recently put forth by the Polygon Labs legal team, advocating for classifying neutral and decentralized finance protocols as critical infrastructure. The proposal recommends federal cybersecurity agencies oversee these protocols in the United States. The conceptual framework was authored by Rebecca Rettig and Katja Gilman via Polygon Labs, along with Michael Mosier, the co-founder of the emergent technology law firm Arktouros.

The Role Of OCCIP

In the 45-page document, the authors propose categorizing genuinely decentralized DeFi protocols as critical infrastructure, subject to oversight by the U.S. Treasury Office of Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection (OCCIP).

While not an official financial regulator, OCCIP coordinates efforts within the Treasury Department to enhance security and resilience in the critical infrastructure of the financial services sector, aiming to reduce operational risk. The framework highlights that not all DeFi protocols are fully decentralized, and those with notable centralization aspects should adhere to existing financial regulations. The framework also states that amid global imperatives to combat illicit activities, it is crucial to uphold the broader goal of empowering positive endeavors.

Comprehending The Framework

The proposed framework also introduces the concept of critical communications transmitters, forming an integral part of genuine DeFi systems. These entities would need to fulfill specific obligations to safeguard U.S. national and economic security, without falling under the classification of financial institutions subject to the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA).

Additionally, the framework distinguishes centralized and traditional finance as separate entities, each with independent control, guided by recommendations given by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). Jake Chervinsky, a crypto industry lawyer, emphasized that policy discussions in Washington DC prioritize concerns about illicit finance over other aspects of the digital asset industry, considering this proposal a potential step toward a viable solution.

Google is set to implement a crucial policy amendment, allowing specific cryptocurrency products to be promoted on major search engines. In this category, Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are emerging as promising contenders meeting the defined criteria, sparking considerable excitement in the cryptocurrency industry.

The genesis of this significant development can be traced back to December 2023. In tandem with this policy shift, the recent approval of 11 spot Bitcoin ETFs by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on January 10th is noteworthy. Investors opting for shares in these spot Bitcoin ETFs effectively gain a stake in the ETF Bitcoin holdings.

Understanding The Update

Crucially, the amendment aligns seamlessly with the recently updated requirements of Google, emphasizing financial products that allow investors to trade shares in trusts holding large pools of digital currency.

Crypto analysts are buzzing with optimism about the potential surge in investments into Bitcoin ETFs, bolstered by the robust transaction processing capacity of Google when it comes to managing search requests. Recent data underscores the enormity of the daily search volume of Google, reaching an impressive 8.55 billion searches.

Nevertheless, it is important to note that the policy update uses the somewhat ambiguous term known as cryptocurrency coin trusts when referring to permitted products, leaving room for interpretation.

The ETF Effect

Simultaneously, a notable development in the cryptocurrency landscape involves the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC), one of the largest Bitcoin trusts. Recently, it transitioned into a spot Bitcoin ETF, gaining approval by the SEC on January 10th. Previously, GBTC shares were exclusively available to accredited investors and subjected to a mandatory six-month holding period.

Accredited investors, as per U.S. regulatory standards, are individuals with a net worth exceeding $1 million or an annual income surpassing $200,000 for the past two years. These requirements aim to protect less knowledgeable investors regarding potentially risky ventures that could lead to financial losses.

In contrast, spot Bitcoin ETFs are accessible to the general public in the United States and are regulated under the Securities Act of 1933. This regulatory framework adds an extra layer of security, potentially making them a safer avenue for Google to explore in its advertising efforts.

Hong Kong is rapidly progressing towards overseeing stablecoins, attracting significant attention by global financial giants. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) is gearing up to introduce a regulatory sandbox for stablecoins in the first quarter of this year, a move that has caught the interest of major players in finance, including the international division of Harvest Fund.

The Drive For Stablecoins

The collaborative initiative between HKMA and the Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau marks a significant stride in local efforts to govern the stablecoin market. This development coincides with the expanding size and influence of the sector, with stablecoins like USDT and USDC leading the market.

Stablecoins, typically tied at a 1-1 ratio to fiat currencies and supported by cash or bond reserves, constitute a significant portion of the $1.7 trillion digital asset market. The current market cap for stablecoins exceeds $135 billion across all chains.

Competition Is Heating Up

The aforementioned regulatory initiative follows the footsteps of jurisdictions such as the European Union, Japan, Singapore, and Dubai, all actively working towards establishing themselves as digital asset hubs. The proposed regulations necessitate obtaining licenses for promoting stablecoin products to retail investors, ensuring enhanced consumer protection and market transparency.

Entities such as Harvest Global Investments, fintech specialist RD Technologies, and Venture Smart Financial Holdings are engaging in discussions with the HKMA, primarily focusing on the forthcoming stablecoin trials. These conversations underscore the deep interest of global financial entities in the evolving regulatory frameworks taking shape in Hong Kong.

Two contenders for the U.S. presidency, Donald Trump and Robert F. Kennedy Jr., have taken a strong stance against the adoption of central bank digital currencies (CBDC). Kennedy Jr. expressed his dedication to online financial autonomy, declaring that he will halt the move towards a CBDC if elected. This statement was made during discussions with Dr. Joseph Mercola about the future of financial freedom.

Safeguarding Citizens

Considering an independent run to secure a spot on ballots nationwide, Kennedy Jr. also showed openness to a Libertarian nomination in a CNN program hosted by Michael Smerconish. In a commitment made the previous year, Kennedy Jr. vowed to safeguard cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, allowing individuals to retain personal wallets and ensuring transaction security. He cautioned against CBDCs, citing potential risks of surveillance and control, stating,

Conversely, Trump, addressing a recent rally, pledged to prevent the federal government when it comes to overseeing American finances through a CBDC, following advice given by Vivek Ramaswamy, a Trump endorser.

Understanding CBDCs

CBDCs are digital forms of a national currency that are issued and regulated by the central bank. Unlike cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, CBDCs are centralized and typically represent a digitized version of the traditional currency, such as the U.S. Dollar or the Euro. CBDCs aim to combine the advantages of digital currencies, like fast and secure transactions, with the stability and backing of a government-issued currency.

The central bank oversees the issuance, distribution, and regulation of CBDCs, and they can coexist with physical cash. The implementation and adoption of CBDCs are subjects of ongoing discussions and experiments in various countries around the world.

While both presidential candidates are against CBDCs, Chris LaCivita, the senior adviser for the Trump campaign, clarified that Kennedy Jr. is not under consideration for the vice-presidential position. Moreover, despite the ongoing CBDC debate, the Federal Reserve, according to Chair Jerome Powell, has not finalized plans for a digital dollar, with a decision expected to take several years.

The previous week witnessed a somewhat turbulent ride in terms of price movements, as the descent of Bitcoin sent shockwaves throughout the entire market. Currently, the primary cryptocurrency is making an effort to bounce back, and this resurgence has positively affected various altcoins, with many of them showcasing gains in the last 24 hours.

The value of BTC surged to $41.5K, marking a 3.4% increase in the past day. This uptick followed a sudden upward surge when BTC gained over $1,000 in just a couple of hours. The positive momentum propelled the flagship cryptocurrency to $42K, where resistance by bears prevented further advancement.

BTC On The Come Up

This abrupt movement stirred disruptions in the derivatives market, leading to liquidations exceeding $110 million, primarily involving short positions. Market participants are closely monitoring Grayscale outflows, pondering whether investors will offload their long-held BTC now that the spot ETF has become a reality.

Simultaneously, as Bitcoin was on the rise, a majority of large-cap altcoins also experienced positive movements, with some outperforming others. Notably, Solana and Avalanche exhibited stronger recoveries, while Ethereum, Binance Coin, and Ripple also recorded gains.

Manta Network (MANTA) and SATS (Ordinals) emerged as the top performers in a 24 hour period, showing increases of 21% and 18.4%, respectively. Conversely, Chiliz (CHZ) and Klaytn (KLAY) witnessed declines of approximately 4% each. There is speculation about potential interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, and investors are closely monitoring the outcomes of the two-day policy meeting this week.

Combating Inflation

As the week unfolds, there is a roughly even chance that the US central bank might consider lowering borrowing costs in March. The European Central Bank (ECB) is also contemplating interest rate cuts this year, with all options open in upcoming meetings, according to Governing Council member Francois Villeroy de Galhau.

Moreover, the ECB believes it is on the right path to combating inflation, citing the deposit rate increase to a record 4% as a significant factor in moderating underlying inflation, as mentioned by the French central banker.

The Estonian government has approved the extradition of HashFlare founders, Ivan Turogin and Sergei Potapenko, who are now set to face numerous charges on US soil. Despite a previous reprieve by an appeals court that nullified the initial ruling, the two entrepreneurs are once again in line for extradition.

In this instance, the Estonian government has bolstered its case with evidence, re-establishing the path for the founders to confront the consequences of their multi-million dollar scam in the United States.

Justice Prevails

Despite legal setbacks in the past, Estonia has now given the green light for the extradition of the masterminds behind the $575 million HashFlare Ponzi scheme. The initial approval was temporarily halted when the Tallinn Circuit Court intervened in November 2023, citing an inadequate investigation into essential circumstances and ordering compensation for the founders. However, armed with evidence concerning US detention conditions, the Estonian government has satisfied the necessary conditions to proceed with the extradition.

The defunct Bitcoin cloud miner, HashFlare, collapsed in 2019 after amassing $575 million. The charges against Turogin and Potapenko in the US include 18 counts of conspiracy, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit money laundering, with potential sentences of up to 20 years in prison if convicted.

Cracking Down On Bad Actors

The founders were arrested in Estonia in 2022 following a joint investigation by US and Estonian law enforcement, leading to complex legal proceedings spanning multiple jurisdictions. Additionally, Turogin and Potapenko face allegations of obtaining $25 million via investors for creating a digital bank named Polybius.

The US Department of Justice contends that HashFlare misrepresented its capabilities, asserting the company lacked claimed equipment and possessed less than 1% of the computing power it professed to have. These charges highlight the dedication by the government toward regulating the crypto industry and cracking down on illicit activities, emphasizing the commitment to safeguarding investors and users.

Equities linked to Bitcoin exposure recently witnessed a substantial decline with this downturn following the initial excitement surrounding the introduction of cryptocurrency exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in the United States. Despite the launch of several Bitcoin ETFs in 2024, the price of BTC has not stabilized, down over 5% since the year began. 

Companies with substantial Bitcoin holdings, such as MicroStrategy and Coinbase, have observed a decrease in their stock prices in the past month. These stocks serve as a means for investors to participate in cryptocurrency markets without direct investment in digital assets. However, with the pressure on Bitcoin, the repercussions have extended to associated stocks.

The Impact On Crypto Stocks

MicroStrategy saw a 25% reduction in stock value during December 24th, 2023, to January 24th, 2024, with shares declining to $450.99. On January 10th, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved the launch of spot Bitcoin ETFs, resulting in the introduction of nine new funds. MicroStrategy, known for its significant Bitcoin holdings of 189,150 BTC valued at $7.5 billion, experienced the impact of this development.

During the same period, Coinbase witnessed a 29% drop in share price since its IPO in 2021, with shares trading at $121.34 as of the latest report this past Wednesday. Even stocks in the mining sector, typically rallying with the crypto market, were not immune.

Riot Platforms, a Bitcoin mining company holding over 7,358 Bitcoin, experienced a 41% decrease in stock value over the past month, trading just above $10. Marathon Digital Holdings Inc., specializing in cryptocurrency mining with 13,716 BTC, faced a 38% decline in stock price to $16 by January 24th, 2024.

The Struggle For Stability

The combined trading volume for Bitcoin spot ETFs, including products by BlackRock, Grayscale, Fidelity, Bitwise, and others, reached over $20 billion earlier on in the week.

According to a JPMorgan report, the nine new funds attracted approximately $270 million in inflows not too long ago. When factoring in outflows by spot BTC ETF by Grayscale Investments, the net outflows amounted to about $153 million on that day. The combined ten funds have experienced net withdrawals for three consecutive days, transitioning to an ETF after SEC approval. Since their inception, the nine new ETFs have attracted $5.2 billion in inflows, countering the $4.4 billion outflow by GBTC.

Blockchain developers recently revealed a novel platform aimed at propelling Bitcoin into the contemporary realm of decentralized finance. The newly introduced platform, labeled BitcoinOS, is positioned as a public good utilizing sovryn rollups to establish a foundational layer for decentralized applications on Bitcoin. The founders emphasize that any developer can contribute to it and create new tools using their preferred programming language.

Understanding The Technology

Sovryn rollups will reportedly leverage Bitcoin as a data availability layer, in contrast to ZK rollups where the rollup is governed by a smart contract on the parent chain, explained Edan Yago, a core contributor to BitcoinOS. Despite Bitcoin having a reputation for high security, its primary blockchain is acknowledged for its sluggishness compared to other blockchains and its elevated costs during periods of heightened activity. Furthermore, its restricted programming language has long impeded the implementation of truly decentralized transaction scaling solutions.

While existing technologies like sidechains can facilitate quicker transactions, they necessitate users to trust centralized, federated bridges to avoid misappropriation or freezing of their funds. Additionally, they encounter challenges related to limited liquidity with other blockchains, resulting in liquidity siloes for DeFi projects that have yet to gain traction. In contrast, BitcoinOS claims to offer everything developers desire in a scaling solution with minimal compromises, namely scalability, programmability, interoperability, and a nearly trustless security model.

A Reliable System

The integrated fraud system of the platform permits even a single honest participant to thwart fraudulent transactions, as per a press release via Sovryn, the DeFi project behind BitcoinOS. The system enables comprehensive smart contracts, allowing any developer to launch their own rollup, and all applications developed on these various rollups can be combined and interoperable with other rollups.

This implies that projects developed on BitcoinOS can seamlessly share users and activities since all rollups are constructed via the same modular components. Sovryn initially emerged as a protocol on Rootstock, despite feelings of limitations. Nevertheless, it has processed $2.2 billion in trades and loans and maintains $46.82 million in total value locked (TVL), according to DeFi Llama.

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was recently deemed to have violated the local Charter of Rights and Freedoms by a judge who ruled against his use of the Emergencies Act in 2022 to quell the infamous truck drivers COVID-19 protests and Bitcoin fundraising.

The Context

In February 2022, a multitude protested mandates mandating full vaccination for truck drivers crossing the Canada-US border. Blockades on crucial roads paralyzed Ottawa, prompting a state of emergency declaration by the mayor. Trudeau then invoked the 1988 Emergencies Act to ban gatherings and cease crowdfunding efforts.

Despite a previous public inquiry in February affirming the alleged appropriateness of the government in invoking the Act, pressure by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association and the Canadian Constitution Foundation prompted a judicial review. Earlier this week, a federal court concluded that Trudeau and his cabinet were indeed unjustified in their response.

Escalating Tensions

Canadian truckers, enjoying widespread support, faced disrupted crowdfunding attempts on GoFundMe. Consequently, the Freedom Convoy 2022 shifted to the Bitcoin-powered platform Tallycoin, raising at least $540,000, including a 1 BTC donation by Kraken Chief Jesse Powell. The initiative, named Honk Honk Hodl, emphasized resistance exhibited by Bitcoin to censorship in contrast to traditional financial structures.

The pivotal ruling by Justice Richard Mosley has become ammunition for the various political opponents of Trudeau, particularly as Canada approaches its upcoming elections next year, where the Conservatives are polling significantly ahead of the Liberal party. While Mosley acknowledged having more information than the government did when invoking the act, Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland announced that the government intends to appeal the decision.

Trezor, the popular hardware wallet provider, recently verified that the source of a series of harmful emails sent to users in the past 12 hours was an unauthorized use of its third-party email provider. The company detected an unauthorized email posing as Trezor, originating through a third-party email service they employ. The deceptive email, sent by noreply trezor.io, prompts users to update their network to avoid fund loss, providing a harmful link that leads to a webpage asking for their seed phrase.

A Seed Of Evil

While Trezor has not confirmed any fund losses via the phishing attempt, it successfully deactivated the malicious link, ensuring user funds are secure unless the recovery seed was entered. For those who entered their seed phrase though, Trezor advises an immediate fund transfer to a new wallet. The investigation also revealed an unauthorized person accessed the email database of newsletter subscribers, utilizing the third-party email service employed by Trezor to send the deceptive emails.

Notably, various experts believe that a recent cybersecurity incident involving MailerLite on January 23rd, 2024, resulting in phishing emails with branded domains, including those of Cointelegraph, WalletConnect, and Token Terminal, may indeed be connected to this attack.

Damage Control

Although it remains unclear whether Trezor uses the same email domain provider, losses exceeding $3.3 million have occurred due to these phishing attacks. Some speculate the recent assault might be linked to the security breach of the Trezor support portal on January 17th, 2024, exposing contact details of nearly 66,000 users.

On January 24th, digital asset lawyer Joe Carlasare described the phishing email as a sophisticated scam after personally receiving it. Trezor had cautioned users about a phishing attack last year, and in May, cybersecurity firm Kaspersky observed a fake hardware wallet impersonating Trezor in the market, attempting to steal funds through a manipulated microcontroller, taking control of user private keys.

Kaspersky Lab recently uncovered a sophisticated malware attack on Macbook users in the crypto realm. Cybercriminals repackaged cracked applications into the prevalent PKG files which are present on Macbook devices, distributing them through pirated software channels. Users unknowingly triggered the infection process, granting administrative privileges by inputting a password into a seemingly harmless application named Activator.

The Context

The malware, after examining the system, communicated with a command-and-control server, concealing its activities within DNS server traffic. It executed arbitrary commands received as Base64-encoded Python scripts, extracting sensitive information by the compromised system. Despite the C2 server being unresponsive during analysis, ongoing script updates indicated ongoing development by the malware operators.

It is worth mentioning that the infected sample established communication with a C2 server by generating a unique Uniform Resource Locator (URL) through a combination of hardcoded words and a random third-level domain name. This method allowed the malware to hide its activities within normal DNS server traffic, ensuring the payload download.

Malware Is To Blame

Notably, the malware targeted popular crypto wallets like Exodus and Bitcoin-Qt, replacing them with infected versions to steal wallet information. Kaspersky highlighted the persistent threat of distributing cracked applications to compromise numerous computers, exploiting trust during software installation. The innovative techniques utilized by the malware, like storing the Python script in a TXT record within a DNS server, were also underscored.

Additionally, the malware featured functionalities specifically targeting the aforementioned popular crypto wallet applications and when these applications were identified on the infected system, the malware sought to replace them with infected versions sourced via a distinct host. These compromised crypto wallets included mechanisms to pilfer wallet unlock passwords and secret recovery phrases through unsuspecting users.

US SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce opines that obtaining approval for spot Ether ETFs will not necessitate a legal battle. In response to a recent inquiry about whether the SEC will defer spot Bitcoin ETF approvals until a court case progresses through the legal system, Peirce emphasized that such an approach is not part of their approval process.

According to Peirce, the SEC should apply standard considerations to these products, similar to how they evaluate other comparable products. She emphasizes that the approval process should not rely on a court determining the arbitrariness and capriciousness of their approach. This statement follows the recent SEC approval of nearly a dozen spot BTC ETFs, which, while not entirely unexpected, raised uncertainties about the fate of spot Ether ETFs.

Criticizing The SEC

Entities like BlackRock, Ark 21Shares, and Grayscale have expressed interest in spot Ether ETFs. Grayscale, mirroring its strategy with the spot Bitcoin ETF, seeks to convert its Ethereum Trust into an ETF. However, SEC Chair Gary Gensler, in his comments on spot Bitcoin ETF approvals, expressed reservations about further approvals, emphasizing that the recent decision pertains specifically to ETPs holding one non-security commodity, namely Bitcoin.

Senator Warren has criticized the approval by the SEC pertaining to the Bitcoin ETFs, stating that the Commission is wrong on the law. The stance taken by Gensler indicates a cautious approach to approving listing standards for crypto asset securities.

Peirce Supports Crypto

Contrary to Gensler, Peirce believes that the SEC missed numerous opportunities over the past decade to approve these products. She argues that if the agency had applied the standards used for other commodity-based ETPs, these products could have been approved years ago. Peirce asserts that the reluctance shown by the regulatory agency persisted until a court intervention forced them to reconsider.

Known for her outspoken views on the stringent crypto approach adopted by both Gensler and the SEC in general, Peirce previously called out the enforcement-focused regulation strategy of the agency, stating that there appears to be a lack of coherence in many of the cases brought forward.